It is a judgment call based on the accuracy required, time allotted and costs. If you need data quickly, at a reasonable cost and time (of course depending on how many individuals there are in the population), you would take a sample. If the population is a reasonable number that all individuals in the population could be used, then go for the census.
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census is conducted for group data so if it is a sampling data is taken it would lead to lot of non sampling errors
A census would get data from 100% of the population (or at least close to 100%). Sampling would be to get data from some of the population (much less than 100%).
A questionnaire has little to do with sampling technique. Sampling technique is to do with who gets the questionnaire and that can be any sampling technique: the questionnaire can be sent to everyone (census), to a random sample, stratified random samples, to random samples in clusters, by quota or convenience. Or a pile of questionnaires can be left for respondents to pick up - self-selection.
Multistage sampling is a form of cluster sampling where instead of using the entire cluster, random samples from each cluster are used. This is typically used when doing opinion polls or surveys.
From what i have learned in my math class a census is the most reliable method but is not always applicable so simple random method is the next best.