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There are no relationship between this 3 events, the probability to give birth to a girl can not be deduce from previous birth given by a women. So the probability that the third child will be a girl is the same for this woman as for any other woman, no matter what happened before. It's like rolling a dice, if one gets an ace and an ace, it does not change the chance to get another ace for the third roll, or a 2, or a 3,.... All the roll results are independent if the dice is not loaded
For each birth, you have two choices - either a boy or a girl. Then, the probability for a certain birth to obtain a choice is ½. Using Binomial Theorem, we have (10 choose 8)(½)8(½)² = 45/1024.
There is only one girl out of 12 students so the probability that the girl is selected is 1/12.
It depends on the couples' genes. Also, at present the probability of a girls is approx 0.48
It would depend on the parents' genes and age. Globally, the probability is approx 0.483