A census requires you to obtain information for every member of the population. This may be very expensive, time-consuming. Also, not all members of the population may provide a response.
If the information that is sought is destructive, then a census defeats the purpose. For example, if you wanted to test the breaking point of a safety harness and carried out a census, you would have precise information on the breaking point but no harnesses left!
If the information that is sought is not very variable, then a well designed sample is quicker, cheaper and can be made sufficiently accurate.
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